MODERN HISTORY OF BIHAR | BPSC Solution

MODERN HISTORY OF BIHAR

Bihar is situated on the one among the fertile regions of the planet which drains Sollutioned by river Ganga. It was famous for its cotton, textile, saltpeter, and indigo.

Hence, it had been one of the important trading centers of India from Ancient to Medieval India. This makes the reason for enticing for European to open trade factories and centers for trade.

European Companies in Bihar

1. Portuguese were the primary European to enter in Bihar.

2. Portuguese mainly traded in spices for textiles especially cotton-producing regions.

3. Hooghly was the primary place within the region where the Portuguese established their factory in 1579-80 when Emperor Akbar gave permission to a Portuguese captain Pedro Tavares.

4. In 1599, the Portuguese traders built a convent and a church in Bandel which was the primary Christian church in Bengal referred to as ‘Bandel Church’ today.

5. English (British) was the second European who built their factory in Patna at Alamganj in 1620 but was got closed in 1621. Again in 1651, British Malay Archipelago Company revived the factory which is now becoming governing press at Gulzar Bagh.

6. Dutch Malay Archipelago Company also established its factory at Patna in 1632 which is now the place is understood for Patna College.

7. In 1774, Danes Malay Archipelago Company established its factory at Nepali Kothi in Patna.
British East India Company and Bihar

British East India Company and Bihar

1. Battle of Buxar (22nd October 1764) was the divisive victory of British Malay Archipelago Company that defines the British as a ruler. It was fought between British Forces under Hector Munro, and a combined army of Mughals under Shah Alam II, Mir Qasim (Nawab of Awadh), and Shuja-up-doula (Nawab of Bengal).

2. After the Battle, the British signed two separate treaties of Allahabad for the Diwani rights of Bengal and Bihar (One with Mughal Ruler Shah Alam II and Second with Shuja-up-doula).

3. British Malay Archipelago Company created the office of Deputy-Governor. Raja Ram Narayana and Shitab Roy were the important “Naib” (Deputy) Deewan.

4. The ‘Revenue Council of Patna’ was constituted in 1770 which replaced by an edge named ‘Revenue Chief of Bihar’ in 1781.

5. Warren Hastings (Governor-General of India) in 1783 order to construct dome-shaped granary of Golghar, so as to fight against famine. Captain John Garstin in 1786 AD built the huge granary.

6. Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent land Settlement in Bengal, Orissa, and Madras to repair the share of revenue i.e. 10/11th for British and 1/11th for Zamindars.

7. In 1885, the Bengal Tenancy Act was injected to define the rights of tenants due to widespread discontent against Zamindars.

1857 REVOLT AND BIHAR

1. In Deoghar district at the headquarters of 32nd Infantry Regiment on 12th June 1857 revolt was started. Two British officers Lt. Norman Leslie and Sergeant Dr. Grant were during this revolt. But the revolt was crushed by McDonald's.

2. On 3rd July, the revolt was started in Patna under Pir Ali who was a bookseller during which British Opium trader Dr. Lyell has killed that cost the life of seventeen people who were hanging by British.

3. The revolt at Danapur Cantt.on 25th July 1857 marked the widespread beginning of the revolt in Bihar but the Maharajas of Darbhanga, Dumrao, and Hatwa and their fellow landlords helped British with man-power and money in crushing the revolt.

4. Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur was the foremost notable figure of revolt who wrote an excellent chapter within the history of India’s First War of Independence. He actively led a band of soldiers of 4000 soldiers and recorded victories in many battles. He successfully occupied Arrah in July 1857 and later with the assistance of Nana Saheb defeated British forces at Azamgarh.

List of Tribal Revolt in Bihar

British Raj in Bihar

1. Bihar under British especially Patna retain its lost glory and emerged as a crucial strategic center for learning and trade British India.

2. It remained a neighborhood of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912 when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as a separate province.

3. After 1905, there have been several changes in British administrative set up: Delhi became Capital of British India (resulted in thanks to Delhi Darbar of 1911 which was attained by King George V).

4. Patna became the capital city of the latest province and therefore the city was stretched westward to suit the executive base. There were a number of educational institutions were built by British in Patna such as Patna College, Patna Science College, Bihar College Engineering, Prince of Wales Medical College and the Patna Veterinary College.

Movements and Bihar

Bihar was one among the active participants of the revolts and movement of freedom struggle against British atrocities.

Revolutionary Movement

1. Anushilan Samiti branch was established in Patna by Sachindranath Sanyal in 1913 and Bankimchandra Mitra of BN College was given responsibilities to steer the organization.

Champaran Satyagraha

1. It had been started in 1917 and was the M.K Gandhi’s first Satyagraha Movement (first direct action Movement).

2. Rajkumar Shukla and Raam Lal Shah had invited M.K Gandhi to seem after the system of Tinkathiya which suggests the peasants grow indigo on 3/20th of the entire land.

3. M.K Gandhi was accompanied by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Brajkishore Prasad, Acharya Kriplani, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Raj Kishore Prasad, Ram Navami Prasad, Shambhu Sharan, and Dharnidhar Prasad, Mahadeo Desai, C. F. Andrews, H. S. Pollock.

4. The movement forced the British Government to make a committee i.e. Champaran Committee to make inquiries against the atrocities. M.K Gandhi was a member of the committee and he convinced that authority on the atrocities perpetrated under the Tinkathiya System, so it should be abolished and compensation is given to the peasants.

5. it had been the primary victory of Gandhi’s direct action battle.

Non-Cooperation Movement

1. It had been started by M.K Gandhi within the backdrop of the Jalliawalan Bag Massacre Khilafat Movement and Rowlatt Act.

2. The Bihar Congress meets under the presidentship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad passed the non-cooperation resolution which was introduced by Dharnidhar Prasad and Shah Mohammad Zubair In August 1920.

3. ‘Bihar National College’ and its building ‘Bihar Vidhyapeeth’ in February 1922 inaugurated by M.K Gandhi.

4. Prince of Wales (British) visited in Bihar which was opposed by the Congress.

Swarajist Movement

1. In December 1922, the All India Congress Session was held in Gaya under the presidency of Chittaranjan Das.

2. This session resultant ideological faction between congress- one who supports the entry of legislature and others who opposes and supported the Gandhian path.

3. CR Das, Motilal Nehru, and Ajmal Khan was the supporter of the entry of legislature.

4. Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, and MA Ansari was the non-supporters of the entry of legislature.

5. Motilal Nehru and Chitranjan Das formed Swaraj Dal. Narayan Prasad was the primary Chairman and Abdul Bari was the primary Secretary.
6. A branch of Swaraj Dal was formed in Bihar which was lead by Srikrishna Singh.

Simon Commission

1. For boycotting Simon Commission, All Party Meeting was organized within the leadership of Anurah Narayan Sinha.

2. Commission reached Patna on 12th December 1928.

Boycott Movement

1. It had been a movement of boycotting of foreign goods and the adoption of desi-goods.

2. In Bihar, the Congress committee started a campaign of popularising Khadi through slide projector to succeed in villages and carried signature campaigns.

Purn Swaraj (Complete Independence Resolution)

1. On 20th January 1930, Bihar Congress Working Committee endorsed the plan of complete independence of Congress through the unfurling of Flag.

Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad drafted the Salt Satyagraha and chosen 6th April 1930 as the date of the movement.

2. Pt. Jawaharlal visited Bihar for the success of the Satyagraha. He traveled Bihar from 31st March to 3rd April 1930.

3. The movement was begun from Champaran and Saran districts and later influence the region of Patna, Bettieh, Hajipur, and Darbhanga.

4. The movement emphasizes on the utilization of Khadi and gave a strong message against intoxicating drinks, refusal to pay Chaukidari tax.

5. Swadeshi Committee was set up at Patna.

Kisan Sabha and Bihar

1. Mohammad Zubair and Sri Krishna Singh has organized Kisan Sabha in 1922 in Munger.

2. Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha was formed in 1929 by Swami Shajanand Saraswati to mobilize the peasant’s grievance against Zamindar's atrocities of occupancy rights.

3. The United Party was formed by Zamindars to suppress peasants.

4. In 1933 Bihar Kisan Sabha was formed.

5. In 1936 All India Kisan Sabha was formed. NG Ranga was made secretary and Swami Shajanand Saraswati was President.

6. Pandit Yamuna Karjee and Rahul Sankrityayan who were followers of Swami Shahjanand Saraswati started Hindi weekly “Hunkar” in 1940 which became the mouthpiece of agrarian and peasant movement in Bihar.

Bihar Socialist Party

1. It had been formed in 1931 by Ganga Sharan Sinha, Rambriksh Benipuri, and Ramanand Mishra.

2. Bihar Congress Socialist Party was formed in 1934 when Jaiprakash Narayan convened a meeting at Anjuman Islamia Hall in Patna. Acharya Narendra Dev was the primary president and Jai Prakash Narayan was made General-Secretary.

First Congress Cabinet in Bihar

1. Government of India Act, 1935 came with constitutional remedies and provincial autonomy in the state as well as dual administration in the center that resulted in many constructive works. For example- Elections were held in 152 election zones. Congress fights elections with 107 members from which 98 were winners.

2. Congress got a massive majority within the legislature during which 8 candidates were the winners but Sri Krishna Singh refuses to make the government. Hence, Mohammad Yunus who was the leader of independent candidates formed the govt. Thus, Mohammad Yunus was the primary Prime Minister of Bihar.

3. On 20th July, Congress Cabinet was formed by Sri Krishna Singh.

4. Sri Ramdayalu Singh and Prof. Abdul Bari were the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of legislature respectively.

5. The newly elected minister did tremendous jobs like removal of the ban on press, magazines, release of political prisoners, removal on the issues of Kashtkari Bandobast, and raising the status of Harijans.

6. Resignation of Shri Krishna Singh when the British announced that India is additionally participating within the Second war and Congress started resentment of the choice.

Quit India Movement

1. Congress Committee in Bihar under the leadership of Dr. Rajendra Prasad drafted the road of action towards the movement on 31st July 1942.

2. Several outrages were happening like unfurled of ensign but the British came with the herculean plan to crush the movement. WC Archer who District Magistrate ordered firing at several places.

Freedom Fighter of Bihar

1. The state had given famous leaders like Swami Shahjanand Saraswati, Shaheed Baikuntha Shukla, Bihar Bibhuti Anurag Narayan Singh, Maulana Mazhar-Ul-Haq, Loknayak Jaiprakash Narayan, Bhadra Yajee, Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Dr. Maghfoor Ahmed Ajani.

2. Upendra Narayan Jha “Azad” and Prafulla Chaki were also active revolutionaries of Bihar.

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